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Garbled text as a outcome of incorrect character encoding

Mojibake ( 文字化け ; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the consequence of text beingness decoded using an unintended character encoding.^[1] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a dissimilar writing system.

This display may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement tin can too involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the same binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European 8-scrap encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a unlike issue that is not to be dislocated with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the event of correct error handling by the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake ways "character transformation" in Japanese. The discussion is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "graphic symbol" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence betwixt the encoded information and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of not-compliance betwixt these, information technology tin be achieved by manipulating the data itself, or just relabeling it.

Mojibake is often seen with text information that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may not even exist tagged at all, but moved between computers with different default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the information.

The differing default settings between computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode amid operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for unlike writing systems of human languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004,^[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-xvi, and sometimes uses viii-scrap code pages for text files in different languages.^{[ dubious – hash out ]}

For some writing systems, an case being Japanese, several encodings take historically been employed, causing users to come across mojibake relatively oftentimes. As a Japanese instance, the give-and-take mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-viii is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted every bit Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears every bit "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, unremarkably labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted every bit being in a GBK (Mainland People's republic of china) locale.

Mojibake example

Original text	文		字		化		け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding	CA	B8	BB	FA	B2	BD	A4	B1
Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding	ﾊ	ｸ	ｻ	郾		ｽ	､	ｱ
Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-1 encoding	Ê	¸	»	ú	²	½	¤	±
Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding	矢		机		步		け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is non specified, it is upwards to the software to decide information technology past other means. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in non-then-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is afflicted past locale setting, which depends on the user's language, brand of operating system and possibly other atmospheric condition. Therefore, the causeless encoding is systematically wrong for files that come up from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same organization. For Unicode, 1 solution is to employ a byte order mark, but for source code and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file organisation. File systems that support extended file attributes can shop this every bit user.charset.^[iii] This also requires support in software that wants to accept advantage of it, just does not disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to detect, in particular UTF-viii, there are many that are difficult to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may not exist able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; see character encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This oft happens betwixt encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to send emails labelled equally ISO-8859-ane that were in reality Windows-1252.^[four] The Mac OS version of Eudora did not showroom this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the most frequently seen beingness curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this specially affected software running under other operating systems such every bit Unix.

Human being ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings still in use, many are partially uniform with each other, with ASCII equally the predominant mutual subset. This sets the phase for man ignorance:

• Compatibility can be a deceptive holding, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of two encodings (meet Problems in different writing systems).
• People think they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatsoever superset of ASCII they actually employ every bit "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in academic literature, the discussion "ASCII" tin can be constitute used as an instance of something not compatible with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.^[1] Annotation that UTF-eight is backwards compatible with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on unlike information, the to the lowest degree certain data may be misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a spider web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The grapheme set may be communicated to the client in whatsoever number of 3 ways:

• in the HTTP header. This information can exist based on server configuration (for example, when serving a file off disk) or controlled past the awarding running on the server (for dynamic websites).
• in the file, every bit an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding attribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to relieve the particular file in.
• in the file, every bit a byte order mark. This is the encoding that the author's editor actually saved it in. Unless an adventitious encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in i encoding and saving information technology in another), this will exist correct. It is, all the same, simply bachelor in Unicode encodings such every bit UTF-viii or UTF-sixteen.

Lack of hardware or software support [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to back up just ane graphic symbol set and the graphic symbol set typically cannot exist altered. The character table contained within the display firmware will exist localized to have characters for the country the device is to be sold in, and typically the table differs from country to country. As such, these systems volition potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a organization from a different country. Likewise, many early operating systems do non support multiple encoding formats and thus will stop up displaying mojibake if made to display not-standard text—early on versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm OS for example, are localized on a per-country basis and will but back up encoding standards relevant to the state the localized version will be sold in, and volition display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to support is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-eight as a default encoding may attain a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread use and backward compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-8 also has the ability to exist direct recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the awarding within which it occurs and the causes of it. Two of the almost common applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and word processors. Modern browsers and discussion processors often back up a wide array of graphic symbol encodings. Browsers often allow a user to change their rendering engine'due south encoding setting on the fly, while discussion processors allow the user to select the advisable encoding when opening a file. It may accept some trial and error for users to find the right encoding.

The problem gets more than complicated when it occurs in an application that normally does not support a wide range of graphic symbol encoding, such as in a non-Unicode computer game. In this example, the user must modify the operating system's encoding settings to match that of the game. Yet, changing the system-wide encoding settings tin also cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user also has the choice to utilise Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Even so, changing the operating system encoding settings is non possible on before operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this issue on before operating systems, a user would have to use third party font rendering applications.

Issues in different writing systems [edit]

English [edit]

Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such every bit em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), but rarely in character text, since virtually encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will appear as "£" if information technology was encoded past the sender as UTF-8 but interpreted by the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this can pb to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, accept vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch also for English text. Commodore make viii-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, especially notable for inverting the upper and lower example compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, merely flipped the case of all letters. IBM mainframes apply the EBCDIC encoding which does not friction match ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, High german, French, Portuguese and Castilian are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The boosted characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:

• å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
• à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
• æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
• á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
• ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
• á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
• á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
• à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
• à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
• á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
• à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
• á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish gaelic
• à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
• £ in British English

… and their upper-case letter counterparts, if applicable.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-i character fix (as well known equally Latin 1 or Western) has been in apply. Nevertheless, ISO-8859-i has been obsoleted by 2 competing standards, the astern compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, simply otherwise any confusion of these three grapheme sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, information technology is e'er prophylactic to translate ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252, and fairly safe to translate it as ISO-8859-fifteen, in item with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). Notwithstanding, with the appearance of UTF-viii, mojibake has get more than common in certain scenarios, e.g. exchange of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-viii's incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. But UTF-8 has the ability to be direct recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings, so this was most common when many had software not supporting UTF-8. Most of these languages were supported past MS-DOS default CP437 and other car default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating arrangement version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not uniform nevertheless.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is usually obvious when one grapheme gets corrupted, e.g. the second letter of the alphabet in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "dear"). This way, fifty-fifty though the reader has to gauge between å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other mitt, does characteristic repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("hymeneals night") which can sometimes render text very hard to read (east.one thousand. hääyö appears as "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faroese accept 10 and eight possibly confounding characters, respectively, which thus tin brand it more difficult to judge corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") get almost entirely unintelligible when rendered equally "þjóðlöð".

In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a estimator, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an writer might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German when umlauts are non available. The latter exercise seems to be better tolerated in the German language language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For case, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with primitive Danish, and may exist used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in advice with other parts of the world. Equally an example, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-eight misinterpreted as ISO-8859-1, "Ring meg nÃ¥" (" Ring meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.^[5]

Examples

Swedish example:		Smörgås (open sandwich)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Event
MS-DOS 437	ISO 8859-i	Sm"rg†due south
ISO 8859-1	Mac Roman	SmˆrgÂs
UTF-8	ISO 8859-1	Smörgådue south
UTF-viii	Mac Roman	Smörgådue south

Central and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also be affected. Because nigh computers were non connected to whatever network during the mid- to late-1980s, at that place were dissimilar character encodings for every language with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-viii), often as well varying by operating arrangement.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-one character prepare), plus the ii characters ő and ű, which are non in Latin-1. These 2 characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-ii, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Earlier Unicode became common in email clients, east-mails containing Hungarian text oft had the messages ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. Information technology is mutual to reply to an due east-mail rendered unreadable (see examples below) past grapheme mangling (referred to equally "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]

Source encoding	Target encoding	Result	Occurrence
Hungarian example		ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép	Characters in red are incorrect and do not match the peak-left case.
CP 852	CP 437	╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép	This was very mutual in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Central European CP 852 encoding; however, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please annotation that small-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct considering CP 852 was fabricated compatible with German. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-2	CP 437	ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép	The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable fifty-fifty if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, just present it is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép	The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European i. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, but the text is completely readable. This is the nearly common error nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs often on webpages or even in printed media.
CP 852	Windows-1250	µRVÖZTëRŠ TšK™RFéRŕM P rvˇztűr‹ t one thousand"rfŁr˘one thousand‚p	Central European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The apply of ű is correct.
Windows-1250	CP 852	┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄GrandÍRF┌RËG╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘ1000÷rf˙rˇgÚp	Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The employ of ű is right.
Quoted-printable	7-scrap ASCII	=C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCGrand=D6RF=DAR=D3Thou=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCk=F6rf=FAr=F3g=E9p	Mainly acquired by wrongly configured mail servers but may occur in SMS messages on some prison cell-phones besides.
UTF-eight	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœKÖRFÚRÃ"KÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tüyardörfúró1000ép	Mainly caused past wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were non tested for international usage (every bit the problem remains concealed for English language texts). In this case the actual (often generated) content is in UTF-8; even so, it is not configured in the HTML headers, then the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding.

Polish [edit]

Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own graphic symbol encodings such every bit AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Gild on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early on DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other estimator sellers had placed them.

The situation began to improve when, subsequently pressure from bookish and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Cyberspace standard" with express support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Smoothen diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "picayune shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may be colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.^[6] The Soviet Union and early on Russian Federation adult KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Information Substitution"). This began with Cyrillic-simply 7-scrap KOI7, based on ASCII only with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. And then came 8-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with high-bit set octets corresponding to vii-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth scrap, which was considered as a major advantage in the historic period of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For case, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and so passed through the loftier bit stripping process, end up rendered equally "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained unlike flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusan (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the West, Lawmaking page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian every bit well as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Nearly recently, the Unicode encoding includes lawmaking points for practically all the characters of all the globe's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Earlier Unicode, information technology was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding organisation. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists nigh entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of capital messages (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, just KOI8 has uppercase messages in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the World Broad Spider web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, one tin can all the same encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, equally well every bit Unicode. (An estimated 1.seven% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.^[seven]) Though the HTML standard includes the power to specify the encoding for any given web page in its source,^[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is often called majmunica ( маймуница ), pregnant "monkey'southward [alphabet]". In Serbian, information technology is called đubre ( ђубре ), pregnant "trash". Different the former USSR, S Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding at that place before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially like to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Case

Russian example:		Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Effect
MS-DOS 855	ISO 8859-1	Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R	ISO 8859-1	ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-8	KOI8-R	п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croation, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovenian add to the basic Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their majuscule counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (but č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in foreign names, also). All of these letters are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while simply some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual Bone-default Windows-1252, and are there considering of some other languages.

Although Mojibake can occur with any of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more than prone to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is often displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When confined to bones ASCII (about user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (majuscule forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, and then reconstructing the original from such a form is ordinarily done manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is of import because the English language versions of the Windows operating system are most widespread, not localized ones.^{[ citation needed ]} The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a loftier degree of software piracy (in turn caused by loftier price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English language versions of Windows and other software.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and at present fifty-fifty Montenegrin from the other three creates many bug. At that place are many different localizations, using different standards and of different quality. There are no common translations for the vast amount of estimator terminology originating in English. In the finish, people use adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not understand what some option in a menu is supposed to practise based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who empathise English, as well equally those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are nearly, because English terminology is also mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly cull the original English language versions of non-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the trouble is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English Windows allow the code page to exist changed (older versions require special English versions with this back up), simply this setting can be and often was incorrectly set. For instance, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be set up to near non-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, but only at install time.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly astute in the example of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a prepare of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used considering of a lack of support in the reckoner industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not support it.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than 1 (typically two) characters are corrupted at once, e.one thousand. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed equally "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for brusque words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two letters are combined, the mojibake also seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal 3, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a design of detail word lengths, such as the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the phenomenon is, every bit mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). Information technology is a particular trouble in Japan due to the numerous unlike encodings that be for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings similar UTF-eight and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such equally Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, equally well equally being encountered past Japanese users, is also often encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , pregnant 'chaotic lawmaking'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding just is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is often possible to fix the issue by switching the character encoding without loss of data. The state of affairs is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the near common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.

It is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding	Viewed as	Upshot	Original text	Note
Big5	GB	?T瓣в变巨肚	三國志曹操傳	Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original significant. The red character is non a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS	GB	暥帤壔偗僥僗僩	文字化けテスト	Kana is displayed every bit characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Virtually of them are extremely uncommon and non in applied utilise in modern Chinese.
EUC-KR	GB	叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨	디제이맥스 테크니카	Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Easily identifiable considering of spaces between every several characters.

An boosted trouble is caused when encodings are missing characters, which is mutual with rare or antiquated characters that are withal used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'s "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-PRC Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.^[nine]

Newspapers take dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a picture of the personality; or but substituting a homophone for the rare grapheme in the hope that the reader would be able to make the right inference.

Indic text [edit]

A similar effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of Southern asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages equally Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Panjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the character set employed is properly recognized past the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which private letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood past a computer missing the advisable software, fifty-fifty if the glyphs for the individual letter forms are available.

I case of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the graphic symbol analogous to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to brandish the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, hands recognizable as mojibake generated by a computer non configured to display Indic text.^[ten] The logo equally redesigned as of May 2010^[ref] has fixed these errors.

The idea of Evidently Text requires the operating organisation to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from Os to Os for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the short grade for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on tiptop of a plain alphabetic character. Even so, it is wrong to go on top of some messages similar 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, information technology is apt to put information technology on peak of these letters. By contrast, for similar sounds in modernistic languages which result from their specific rules, information technology is not put on summit, such equally the give-and-take करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem form of the common discussion करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.^[xi] Only it happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark l) and 'u' combination and its long class both yield wrong shapes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, nigh notably Lao, were not officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.^[12] However, various sites accept made free-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions^[xiii] and the belatedly arrival of Burmese linguistic communication support in computers,^{[14] [15]} much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese back up is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font but was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.^[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented as specified in Unicode, but others were not.^[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this every bit ad hoc font encodings.^[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei but replaced the Unicode compliant organization fonts with Zawgyi versions.^[14]

Due to these advert hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render every bit garbled text. To become around this outcome, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.^[18] Myanmar regime has designated 1 October 2022 as "U-Mean solar day" to officially switch to Unicode.^[xiii] The full transition is estimated to accept two years.^[19]

African languages [edit]

In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Congo-kinshasa, only these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to W Africa present similar issues, such every bit the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Standard arabic [edit]

Another affected linguistic communication is Arabic (meet below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do non match.

Examples [edit]

File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
Arabic example:		(Universal Proclamation of Human Rights)
Browser rendering:		الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-eight	Windows-1252	الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
	KOI8-R	О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
	ISO 8859-5	яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
	CP 866	я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
	ISO 8859-six	ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
	ISO 8859-two	اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256	Windows-1252	ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this commodity do not have UTF-8 as browser setting, considering UTF-8 is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 information technology should recognise it automatically, and non try to translate something else as UTF-viii.

Come across likewise [edit]

• Code point
• Replacement character
• Substitute character
• Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though most software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or display the deviation (e.g. version control systems and data comparison tools) can get substantially more than difficult to employ if not adhering to 1 convention.
• Byte social club mark – The almost in-band way to store the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will past design exist perceived as "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
• HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, by and large optional, simply required for certain characters to escape interpretation every bit markup.

  While failure to apply this transformation is a vulnerability (meet cross-site scripting), applying it as well many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark " becomes ", ", " and and so on.

• Bush-league hid the facts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} King, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode presently be the universal code? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): 60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "curl -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved v October 2018.
3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-xv .
4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
5. ^ "sms-scam". June xviii, 2014. Retrieved June nineteen, 2014.
6. ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-viii.
7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
8. ^ "Declaring grapheme encodings in HTML".
9. ^ "PRC GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map betwixt Lawmaking page 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
11. ^ https://marä thi.indiatyping.com/
12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches upward in Myanmar's digital world". The Nippon Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. Oct. ane is "U-Mean solar day", when Myanmar officially will prefer the new organization.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years agone, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
14. ^ ^{a b} Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack 2, complex scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and later Zawgyi, confining the rendering problem by calculation extra code points that were reserved for Myanmar's ethnic languages. Non only does the re-mapping foreclose future indigenous linguistic communication support, it likewise results in a typing organization that can be confusing and inefficient, fifty-fifty for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two most popular smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated just by capturing the largest market share, which means they support Zawgyi out of the box.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sin, Thant (7 September 2019). "Unified under one font system as Myanmar prepares to drift from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will improve tongue processing
16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Frequently Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019. "UTF-viii" technically does not apply to ad hoc font encodings such every bit Zawgyi.
18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook's path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Applied science". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019. It makes communication on digital platforms hard, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In society to ameliorate reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, not to mention English or other languages.
19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take ii years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.

External links [edit]

floresdialt1936.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake

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